Chronograph AtlasEurope and Asia. Explore selected places, societies and political changes in this region. Each account links to its corresponding year and place in the interactive atlas.
c. 610–676
Silla, Baekje and Goguryeo compete for the peninsula; Tang intervenes in the wars.
Sources: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Korea, 500–1000 A.D.; The Arts of Korea: A Resource for Educators.
View on the map: Korea · Silla and Goryeo, 610c. 676–918
Silla controls much of the peninsula; the north follows a separate political history.
Sources: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Korea, 500–1000 A.D.; The Arts of Korea: A Resource for Educators.
View on the map: Korea · Silla and Goryeo, 676c. 700–900
Shailendra rulers support the construction of the monumental Buddhist complex.
Sources: UNESCO. Borobudur Temple Compounds.
View on the map: Central Java · Shailendras, 700c. 1000–1300
Kingship and Buddhist institutions sustain a major Irrawaddy Valley centre.
Sources: UNESCO. Bagan.
View on the map: Pagan / Bagan, 1000from 1185 · to timeline end
The military government at Kamakura coexists with the imperial court in Kyoto.
Sources: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Heian Period (794–1185). Princeton University Art Museum. Japan: History.
View on the map: Japan · imperial court and shogunate, 1185c. 1300–1430
Angkor remains inhabited. Water-system changes and rivalry with Ayutthaya accompany a gradual southward shift of power.
Sources: Alison K. Carter et al. Temple Occupation and the Tempo of Collapse at Angkor Wat, Cambodia. PNAS 116 (2019); UNESCO. Historic City of Ayutthaya.
View on the map: Khmer state · Angkor, 1300c. 1300–1453
Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia retain their institutions under one crown. Their ports participate in Mediterranean trade.
Sources: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Iberian Peninsula, 1400–1600.
View on the map: Crown of Aragon, 1300c. 1300–1453
After Bagan fragments, several courts compete in the Irrawaddy valleys. Upper and Lower Burma do not form a single state.
Sources: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Southeast Asia, 1000–1400; Southeast Asia, 1400–1600.
View on the map: States of the Irrawaddy, 1300c. 1601–1649
The Portuguese garrison controls the fortified port, not the whole Omani interior.
Sources: TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Yemen; Ya‘rubîler; UNESCO. At-Turaif District in ad-Dir’iyah.; Oman Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Royal speech, 11 January 2025 (Al Bu Said dynasty, 1744)
View on the map: Muscat · Portuguese fort, 1601c. 1601–1760
A local dynasty expands power in the southern Deccan after Vijayanagara’s decline.
Sources: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. South Asia, 1600–1800; National Army Museum. Battle of Plassey.; Harvard University. A Timeline of South Asian History: Mughal Disintegration and the Rise of Regional Powers; Indian Parliament. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj; National Army Museum. Mysore campaign journal.; UNESCO. Historic City of Ahmedabad nomination dossier; Census of India. District Census Handbook, Hyderabad
View on the map: Mysore, 1601c. 1601–1776
Southern rulers develop agriculture and ports while rivalling the northern Trinh. The Tay Son uprising begins in 1771.
Sources: Vietnam National Museum of History. Tây Sơn Dynasty; Khởi nghĩa nông dân Tây Sơn; Michael Vickery. Champa Revised, NUS.
View on the map: Southern Nguyen domains, 16011800–1810
Company possessions pass to the state; Daendels expands military infrastructure and forced labour.
Sources: Library of Congress. Indonesia: a country study. Historical setting.
View on the map: Batavia · Dutch Company, 18001800–1815
Emir Haydar succeeds; rivalry with Kokand and Khiva coexists with madrasa scholarship and caravan trade.
Sources: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Central Africa, 1600–1800 A.D.; Kongo: Power and Majesty.; Yuri Bregel. Khiva; Anke von Kügelgen. Manghits, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
View on the map: Bukhara Khanate · Janids, 18001800–1801
Bonaparte’s victory at Marengo enables the restoration of the republic.
Sources: Fondation Napoléon. Cartes de l’Europe en 1812 et en 1815 après le Congrès de Vienne.; Fondation Napoléon. The Congress of Vienna; Europe in 1815.
View on the map: Duchy of Milan, 1800c. 1914–1918
Britain declares the annexation of Cyprus on 5 November 1914 after the Ottoman Empire enters the world war.
Sources: Foreign Office. Cyprus. Peace Handbooks, 1920; Foreign Relations of the United States, 1909, Crete; Region of Crete. Chronology of the Cretan State and Union.
View on the map: Cyprus · British administration, 1914c. 1914–1916
In 1914 the Russian government declares a protectorate over Uriankhai. Local administration remains; the protectorate does not turn the territory into an ordinary province.
Sources: Национальный архив Республики Тыва. Управление амбын-нойона Танну-Урянхая, фонд 115; Президентская библиотека. Урянхайский край в период российского протектората: архивные документы 1914 года.
View on the map: Tuva · Uriankhai under Qing rule, 19141914
The sultan accepts a British general adviser.
Sources: National Library Board Singapore. Mother Island: Finding Singapore’s Past in Pulau Lingga; Sejarah Kesultanan Johor.
View on the map: Malaccan dynasty and Johor, 19141946
Annexation in 1856 precedes the 1857 rebellion and fighting for Lucknow.
Sources: National Army Museum. Indian Mutiny; Government of India Act (1858).
View on the map: Awadh, 19461946–1960
Diplomatic settlement begins after Japan’s surrender.
Sources: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945, The British Commonwealth, The Far East; Office of the Historian. Occupation and Reconstruction of Japan.
View on the map: Siam · Chakri dynasty, 19461946–1960
After Soviet rule is established, the republic enters the union system.
Sources: Soviet Union: A Country Study. Library of Congress, 1991.
View on the map: Eastern Belarus and Latgale · Russian Empire, 19461992–2000
The Al Saud monarchy uses oil revenues, especially after 1973, to expand cities, roads, education and social infrastructure.
Sources: Library of Congress. Country Studies: China, Indonesia, India, Afghanistan; Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, South Asia Crisis.
View on the map: Diriyah, 19921992–1995
The former government loses Kabul in 1992. War between armed factions continues; control of the country is divided.
Sources: United Nations — Report of the Secretary-General, A/51/698–S/1996/988
View on the map: Durrani state, 19921992–2000
Parliamentary institutions, welfare provision, industry and services develop. Economic expansion gives way to the crises of the 1970s and structural reform.
Sources: Tony Judt. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945; Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, 1990.
View on the map: Great Britain, 1992Historical frontiers are reconstructions at atlas scale. A territory, a dependent polity and a cultural area do not mean the same thing: read the selected card for its status and period. Medieval boundaries often followed zones of influence rather than surveyed lines. Modern borders provide a geographical reference, not evidence of historical ownership.